Std 4 EVS 2 Maharashtra Board Solutions 2026–27

LESSON SUMMARY

Medieval Maharashtra

Shivaji Maharaj lived in the medieval period, when monarchy was common. The textbook contrasts rulers who cared mainly for their own pleasures with those who worked for the welfare of their subjects.

Political Situation before Swaraj

For about four hundred years before Shivaji Maharaj, a large part of Maharashtra was under the Nizamshah of Ahilyanagar (Ahmadnagar) and the Adilshah of Bijapur. Their constant conflicts caused hardship and insecurity for ordinary people.

Watandars and Misrule

Many local Watandars, including Deshmukhs and Deshpandes, held Jagirs. The textbook explains that quarrels among them added to the suffering of the people and weakened public order.

Meaning of Swaraj

Swaraj means self-government or our own rule. Shivaji Maharaj undertook the task of establishing Swaraj so that people could live with justice, safety and dignity.

Hindavi Swaraj

The textbook presents Hindavi Swaraj as rule based on justice, fair play and equal treatment of people of different castes and religions. It also notes Shivaji Maharaj’s respect for saints of different faiths.

Role of the Saints

The chapter closes by noting that many saints had worked in Maharashtra during the previous centuries and that their social awakening helped create conditions that later supported the establishment of Swaraj.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option

2. Match the pairs

3. Write the answer in one sentence

4. Find the odd-man-out

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Activity (a) – Celebrate Shivajayanti in class

Model plan: prepare a short introduction, a timeline of important events, student speeches, drawings, and a respectful display about the historical period. Keep the programme educational and inclusive.

Activity (b) – Historical songs and Powadas

Model answer: students may present teacher-approved historical songs or short powada performances, followed by a simple explanation of the event or value described in the performance.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Maharashtra before Swaraj: Cause-and-Effect Chart

Create a chart with two columns: “Condition before Swaraj” and “Need for Change”. Include conflicts among ruling powers, quarrels among Watandars, hardship of people, lack of security, and the need for justice and self-government. Conclude with a short note explaining the meaning of Swaraj.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

A Tradition of Social Awakening

Saints from different sections of society taught compassion, non-violence, charity, service, equality and brotherhood. Their teachings challenged ideas of high and low status and strengthened social unity.

Shri Chakradhar Swami

Originally a prince from Gujarat, he became an ascetic and travelled through Maharashtra preaching equality without discrimination based on gender or caste. The sect he established is known as the Mahanubhav sect, and incidents from his life are recorded in Leelacharitra.

Sant Namdeo

Sant Namdeo was a devotee of Vitthal from Narasi. Through devotional songs and keertans he spread devotion, humanity and equality. The lesson notes his travels beyond Maharashtra and the inclusion of some of his verses in the Guru Granth Sahib.

Sant Dnyaneshwar

Sant Dnyaneshwar faced social exclusion in childhood but turned personal sorrow into service. He preached equal treatment, help for people in distress and devotion to God. By writing Dnyaneshwari in Marathi, he opened religious knowledge to ordinary Marathi-speaking people.

Sant Eknath

Sant Eknath of Paithan taught Bhaktimarg and rejected distinctions of high and low. His writings included Abhangs, Owees and Bharuds. The lesson uses his care for a distressed child as an example of practising compassion.

Sant Tukaram

Sant Tukaram of Dehu preached pity, forgiveness, peace of mind and equality. He wrote Abhangs and performed Keertans. The lesson describes his concern for the weak and the downtrodden.

Samarth Ramdas

Born at Jamb, Ramdas used Dasbodh and Manache Shlok to teach good conduct and self-discipline. He encouraged strength, unity, organisation and resistance to injustice.

Impact of the Saints

The textbook explains that the saints restored confidence, social awareness and self-reliance among the people, creating an atmosphere that later helped the work of Swaraj.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give answers in three or four sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Collect pictures of other saints

Model format for each picture: Name of Saint; Place/Period; One important teaching; One value learned. Example values may include compassion, equality, service and devotion. Students should choose saints approved by their teacher and write in their own words.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Saints and Their Teachings

Make a four-column chart: Saint, Place/Work, Main Teaching, Value for Today. Include Chakradhar Swami, Namdeo, Dnyaneshwar, Eknath, Tukaram and Samarth Ramdas. Add drawings or pictures and a conclusion about equality and social harmony.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Period of Unrest

Adilshah of Bijapur and Nizamshah of Ahilyanagar were frequently at war. They used armies of Maratha Sardars in these conflicts.

The Brave Maratha Sardars

The textbook describes Maratha Sardars as brave, tough, fearless and loyal. Many maintained private armies and received service, titles or Jagirs from the Sultanates.

Famous Families

Important families included the Jadhavs of Sindkhed, Nimbalkars of Phaltan, Ghorpades of Mudhol, Moreys of Javali and Bhonsales of Verul. Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav of Sindkhed.

Tradition of Valour

Although the Sardars often fought one another and served other powers, their military tradition kept courage and martial skill alive among the people.

Maloji Raje and Ghrushneshwar

Maloji Raje Bhonsale restored the neglected Ghrushneshwar temple near Verul and arranged for its maintenance.

The Bhonsales of Verul

Babaji Raje Bhonsale had two sons, Maloji Raje and Vithoji Raje. Malik Amber recognised their ability, and Nizamshah conferred on Maloji Raje the Jagir of Pune and Supe.

Shahaji Raje

Shahaji Raje inherited the Jagir and became an important Sardar. He and Malik Amber fought to save Nizamshahi at Bhatawadi. Later, after conflict with Malik Amber, Shahaji joined Adilshahi and was honoured with the title Sar Lashkar. He later returned to Nizamshahi when asked to help defend it.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option

2. Write the relation between

3. Match the pairs

4. Give the answer in one sentence

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Map Activity

Locate Ahilyanagar, Phaltan, Verul, Supe and Pune on an outline map of Maharashtra. Model method: mark each place with a dot, label clearly, and add a simple map title and direction arrow.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Family and Place Connections

Create a family-and-place chart connecting the Bhonsales, Jadhavs and Nimbalkars with Verul, Sindkhed and Phaltan. Add short notes on Maloji Raje, Shahaji Raje and Jijabai.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Birth at Shivneri

During unsettled political conditions, Shahaji Raje sent the pregnant Jijabai to the strong Shivneri fort near Junnar for safety. Shivaji was born there on 19 February 1630 and was named on the twelfth day.

Early Education by Jijabai

Jijabai told Shivaji stories of Rama, Krishna, Bhim, Abhimanyu, saints and brave people. These stories encouraged courage, justice and respect for saints and great people.

Childhood Games and Friends

Shivaji played with children from Maval families. They imitated bird and animal sounds, built small forts of earth, made clay animals, played hide-and-seek, ball and spinning-top games.

Shahaji Raje and the Moghuls

After the killing of Lakhujirao Jadhav in the Nizamshahi court, Shahaji Raje left Nizamshahi and joined the Moghuls. Later, after recognising treachery and disorder, he left Moghul service.

Founding of a New Nizamshahi

Shahaji Raje found a child heir from the Nizam’s family and declared him the new Nizamshah at Pemgiri. He tried to protect this state against powerful opponents.

Treaty and Move to Karnatak

Unable to sustain the struggle alone, Shahaji Raje signed a treaty in 1636. He later entered Adilshahi service and was sent to Karnatak.

Jijabai and Shivaji in Karnatak

Jijabai and Shivaji later joined Shahaji Raje in Karnatak. Shahaji received the Bangalore Jagir and made Bangalore his headquarters.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Activity (a) – Visit Shivneri

Model worksheet: Location – near Junnar, Pune district; Importance – birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj; Features – steep cliffs, fortifications and massive doors. Students should add observations from an actual visit with teacher/parent guidance.

Activity (b) – Traditional Sports

Model 10-line note on Lagori: Lagori is a traditional team game. It uses a ball and a stack of flat stones. One team tries to knock the stack down and rebuild it. The other team tries to stop them with the ball. It develops teamwork, speed and concentration. It can be played outdoors with simple equipment. Players must follow agreed safety rules. The game is known in different regions by different names. It is enjoyable and active. Traditional games help preserve local culture.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Shivneri and Shivaji’s Childhood

Create a two-page project with a labelled drawing of Shivneri fort, a timeline from Shivaji’s birth to his move to Karnatak, and a section called “What Jijabai taught Shivaji”.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Beginning of Education

Shahaji Raje, himself a Sanskrit scholar, appointed capable teachers for Shivaji. Formal education began at about seven years of age and included reading, writing and study of stories from the Ramayan, Mahabharat and Bhagwat.

Training in Warfare and Skills

Teachers trained Shivaji in horse riding, wrestling, swordsmanship and use of the Dandpatta. By the age of twelve he had been introduced to many branches of learning and arts.

Return to Pune and Rejuvenation

Shahaji sent Jijabai and Shivaji to Pune with trusted ministers, soldiers, resources and teachers. Pune had been devastated, but Jijabai reassured people, encouraged resettlement and had temples repaired.

Work of Dadaji Konddev

Dadaji Konddev managed the Pune Jagir, encouraged cultivation by giving temporary land-tax concessions, organised protection against wolves and thieves, and fixed land revenue according to soil quality.

Advanced Education

Teachers sent by Shahaji taught Shivaji sciences, languages, administration, war tactics, fort architecture, selection of horses and elephants, and ways of escaping difficult enemy territory.

What Jijabai Taught Shivaji

Jijabai wanted Shivaji to establish the rule of his own people rather than serve other rulers. She encouraged him to oppose injustice and work for the happiness of his subjects.

The New Regime in Pune Jagir

Shahaji sent experienced officers to assist Shivaji. Under Jijabai’s guidance, Shivaji began hearing grievances and punishing those who treated the ryot unjustly, giving the Mavlas a glimpse of future Swaraj.

Shivaji’s Marriage

The lesson also notes Shivaji’s marriage to Saibai of the Nimbalkar family of Phaltan, celebrated according to the customs of that period.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give the answer in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Activity (a) – Dialogue between Shivaji and Veermata Jijabai

Model dialogue: Shivaji: “Aai, why do our people suffer?” Jijabai: “Because injustice must be opposed with courage and wisdom.” Shivaji: “I want to work for their happiness.” Jijabai: “Learn well, be just, and use your strength for the welfare of the people.”

Activity (b) – Read a biography of Veermata Jijabai

Model response after reading: write five points under the headings – Family background, Courage, Guidance to Shivaji, Love of Swaraj, Values I learned.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Shivaji’s Education and Skills Wheel

Make a circular skills chart with sections for literacy, epics and values, horse riding, wrestling, weapons training, administration, fort architecture, languages and public welfare. Add one sentence explaining how broad education prepared him for leadership.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Raireshwar Temple

In 1645, Shivaji and a group of young Mavlas gathered at the Raireshwar temple south-west of Pune.

Shivaji’s Vision

Shivaji spoke about the suffering caused by foreign kingdoms and continuous wars. He questioned why people should continue living in dependence and serving others.

The Oath of Hindavi Swaraj

The young companions pledged to work for Hindavi Swaraj – their own rule – and to remain committed to the ideal even at great personal cost.

Preparations in Maval

Shivaji and his companions trained in swordsmanship and riding, explored secret paths, studied valleys, ghats, routes, forts and military establishments.

Friends in the Twelve Mavals

Shivaji tried to stop destructive quarrels among Deshmukhs. By persuasion, and force when necessary, he brought many local leaders into the work of Swaraj.

Shivaji’s Royal Seal

Shahaji Raje had a Sanskrit royal seal made for Shivaji. Its meaning connected Shivaji’s authority with the welfare of the people and symbolised the growing idea of Swaraj.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Picture of the Oath of Swaraj

Model layout: draw Raireshwar temple in the background, Shivaji and the Mavlas gathered together, and a title “The Oath of Swaraj – 1645”. Add a short caption: “A pledge to work for self-rule.”

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Raireshwar to Swaraj Timeline

Create a timeline showing the meeting at Raireshwar, training in Maval, bringing Deshmukhs together, study of forts and the royal seal. End with the line: “Preparation turned an ideal into organised action.”

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Four Powerful Opponents

The textbook states that Maharashtra was then influenced by four major powers: the Moghul Emperor of Delhi, Adilshah of Bijapur, the Portuguese of Goa and the Siddi of Janjira.

Importance of Forts

Shivaji understood that control of forts meant control of the surrounding territory. He therefore selected a strategically important fort for the first major step towards Swaraj.

Torana Fort

Torana stood in the Kanad Valley south-west of Pune. It had strong natural defences, including Zunjar Machi and Budhla Machi, but was poorly guarded by Adilshahi forces.

Capture of Torana

Shivaji and selected Mavlas captured strategic positions and took the fort with little resistance. Tanaji Malusare hoisted the Maratha flag and Shivaji named the fort Prachandgad.

Administration and Treasure

Shivaji appointed a Killedar, Sabnis and Karkhanis and included people from different communities in the garrison. During repairs, workers found pots of mohurs and honestly brought the treasure to Shivaji.

Rajgad – First Capital

Part of the treasure was used for arms and part to complete the fortification of Murumbdeo, which Shivaji named Rajgad. Rajgad became the first capital of Swaraj.

Rapid Progress and Political Skill

Shivaji then expanded control to more forts and gained support from local leaders. He used political skill to explain his actions to Adilshah and later gained control of strategically important forts such as Kondana, Purandar and Rohida.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give reasons

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Visit the nearest fort

Model observation sheet: Fort name; Type of fort; Location; Main gate; Bastions; Water arrangements; Temples/buildings; Safety rules; One historical fact. Students should complete the sheet after an actual visit with teacher/parent supervision.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Torana to Rajgad: First Steps of Swaraj

Prepare a two-fort comparison with drawings or maps. Include location, strategic features, role in early Swaraj and why Rajgad became the first capital.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Opposition from Within

While many Mavlas supported Swaraj, some local Sardars and relatives opposed or plotted against Shivaji. The lesson explains that he dealt with such opposition when it threatened the work of Swaraj.

Khandoji and Baji Ghorpade

These Sardars in Adilshah’s service created trouble in the Kondana district, but Shivaji defeated and drove them out.

Bajaji Naik Nimbalkar and Sambhaji Mohite

Shivaji had conflicts even with relatives when their actions went against Swaraj. Sambhaji Mohite of Supe was arrested and sent to Karnatak, illustrating the textbook’s theme that duty came before family ties.

Chandrarao Morey of Javali

Javali was a difficult forested region controlled by the Moreys, who held the title Chandrarao. Shivaji had earlier supported Yeshwantrao Morey, but Yeshwantrao later became hostile and attacked Swaraj territory.

Conquest of Javali

After warnings failed, Shivaji prepared carefully and attacked Javali. Yeshwantrao later withdrew to Rairi, which was eventually taken.

Raigad and Pratapgad

The conquest of Javali expanded Swaraj greatly. Rairi was renamed Raigad, and a new fort was built on nearby Bhorpya hill and named Pratapgad.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Find out the wrong pair

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Activity 1 – Collect pictures of Raigad

Model scrapbook labels: Maha Darwaja, fort walls, water tanks, royal area, surrounding Sahyadri landscape. Add one factual caption below each picture.

Activity 2 – Model of Raigad

Suggested materials: cardboard base, paper, clay, recycled boxes, labels and paint. Show the hill, main gate, fortification and important structures. Use only safe craft tools with adult supervision.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Javali, Rairi and the Growth of Swaraj

Prepare a simple map showing Javali, Raigad (Rairi) and Pratapgad. Explain in short points how the conquest of Javali strengthened Swaraj.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Adilshah’s Concern

As Shivaji’s activities grew, the Bijapur court discussed how to stop him. Afzalkhan accepted the challenge of marching against Shivaji.

Afzalkhan’s Campaign

Afzalkhan was a powerful Bijapur Sardar and moved into Maharashtra with a large army. Shivaji recognised that an open battle would be risky because his own resources were much smaller.

Shivaji Moves to Pratapgad

With Jijabai’s advice and blessings, Shivaji shifted his headquarters to Pratapgad, where the terrain and fort gave him strategic advantage.

Afzalkhan’s Attempts to Draw Shivaji Out

Afzalkhan tried to provoke Shivaji and later sent a message pretending friendship. Shivaji replied in a way that persuaded Afzalkhan to come near Pratapgad for a meeting.

Preparation for the Meeting

A meeting place was fixed and both sides agreed on limited attendants. Shivaji made careful arrangements, assigned duties to his troops and wore protective equipment.

The Meeting and Conflict

The meeting turned into a violent confrontation. Shivaji survived the encounter, and his prepared forces then acted according to the plan.

Defeat of Afzalkhan’s Army

After the signal from the fort, Maratha troops attacked Afzalkhan’s forces in difficult terrain. The Bijapur army was defeated and Shivaji’s reputation increased.

Historical Saying

The lesson connects the episode with the well-known saying “Because of Jiva, Shiva was saved,” referring to Jivaji Mahala’s timely action.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Form a correct word from the given letters

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give the answer in two or three sentences

4. Give reasons

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Marathi proverbs or sayings related to historical events

Model example: “Hota Jiva mhanun vachla Shiva” – a saying associated in the lesson with Jivaji Mahala helping save Shivaji. Students may collect other teacher-approved sayings, write their meaning and the event connected with them.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Strategy at Pratapgad

Make a labelled diagram showing Pratapgad, forested terrain, the meeting place and the positions of Shivaji’s forces. Add a short section titled “Why strategy mattered more than size of army”.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Capture of Panhala

After the Pratapgad episode, Shivaji captured Panhala from Bijapur. Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar with a large army, accompanied by Fazalkhan.

Siege of Panhalgad

Siddi Jauhar maintained a strict siege even during the monsoon, and supplies inside the fort began to run low.

Plan to Escape

Shivaji sent a message suggesting surrender so the enemy would relax. Two palanquins were prepared: one as a decoy with Shiva Kashid disguised as Shivaji, while the real Shivaji used a difficult route.

Shiva Kashid’s Sacrifice

The decoy was captured and the enemy briefly believed Shivaji had been caught. Shiva Kashid’s courage gave Shivaji valuable time to escape from the siege.

Baji Prabhu’s Decision

When the pursuing force came close, Baji Prabhu urged Shivaji to continue towards Vishalgad while he and selected Mavlas held the narrow Ghodkhind pass.

Defence of Ghodkhind

Baji Prabhu organised the soldiers into small groups at suitable positions and used the narrow terrain to delay the pursuing forces until Shivaji could reach Vishalgad.

Ghodkhind becomes Pavan Khind

After the signal from Vishalgad confirmed Shivaji’s safe arrival, Baji Prabhu’s duty was complete. The pass later became remembered as Pavan Khind in honour of the sacrifice made there.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

4. Give reasons

5. Write the name of the person

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Dedicated people in Shivaji Maharaj’s service

Model list: Shiva Kashid – acted as a decoy; Baji Prabhu Deshpande – defended Ghodkhind; Firangoji Narsala – defended Chakan; Tanaji Malusare – led the Kondana campaign. Students may research one person using teacher-approved sources and write five points.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Escape from Panhala to Vishalgad Route Storyboard

Create 6 boxes: Siege of Panhala; false surrender message; decoy palanquin; Shivaji’s escape; Baji Prabhu at Ghodkhind; signal from Vishalgad. Use short captions and avoid graphic battle details.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Shaistakhan’s Campaign

After Adilshah made peace with Shivaji, Moghul pressure from the north continued. Aurangzeb sent his uncle Shaistakhan with a large army towards Pune.

Maratha Mobility and Guerilla Warfare

The lesson describes the Maratha troops as moving quickly through hills and valleys on light equipment and using tactics unfamiliar to Shaistakhan. Continuous pressure caused him to lift the siege of Purandar.

Firangoji Narsala at Chakan

Shaistakhan captured Chakan after a long defence. Impressed by Firangoji Narsala’s resistance, he offered him Moghul service, but Firangoji refused.

Shaistakhan in Lal Mahal

Shaistakhan made Lal Mahal in Pune his headquarters, while his troops damaged crops and took cattle from surrounding areas.

Shivaji’s Bold Plan

Because Shivaji knew Lal Mahal very well and received information from his spies, he planned a surprise night operation against Shaistakhan.

Shaistakhan Learns a Lesson

Shivaji and selected men entered Lal Mahal during a marriage procession night. Shaistakhan escaped the encounter but was injured, and Shivaji’s party safely withdrew to Sinhagad. Aurangzeb later transferred Shaistakhan to Bengal.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give reasons

4. Write the incidents/events chronologically

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Visit Lal Mahal

Model observation points: location in Pune; historical association with Shivaji’s youth; architectural features visible today; museum/display information if available; visitor rules. Students should verify current visitor details before a real trip.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Lal Mahal Incident Timeline

Prepare a timeline from Shaistakhan’s march to Pune to his transfer to Bengal. Include Chakan, Lal Mahal, Shivaji’s intelligence network, the surprise operation and the withdrawal to Sinhagad.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Raid on Surat

The textbook says Shivaji raided Surat after Moghul forces had been damaging Maharashtra. Surat was a wealthy trading centre. It also notes that Shivaji spared places of worship and did not disrespect women during the raid.

Moghul Response

Aurangzeb sent Mirza Raje Jaising, assisted by Dilerkhan, with a large force to bring pressure on Swaraj.

Siege of Purandar

Dilerkhan laid siege to Purandar, a strong fort held by Murarbaji. The defence continued despite heavy pressure from the attacking force.

Murarbaji’s Valour

The lesson presents Murarbaji as a determined defender. Dilerkhan admired his courage and offered him safety, rank and a Jagir, but Murarbaji refused to change sides.

Treaty of Purandar

Shivaji decided that continuing to defend every fort at the cost of many lives was not wise. He therefore chose a temporary political settlement and signed the Treaty of Purandar in 1665.

Terms and Agra Visit

Under the treaty, twenty-three forts and territory with a revenue of four lakh Hons were to be handed over to the Emperor. Jaising later suggested that Shivaji visit Aurangzeb at Agra and guaranteed his safe return.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answer in two or three sentences

4. Complete these names from the lesson

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Visit a nearby fort

Model information sheet: Fort name; District; Type; Main historical period; Gates/bastions/water arrangements; One conservation issue; Safety rules for visitors. Add a sketch or photograph if permitted.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Purandar: Defence and Diplomacy

Divide the project into two halves: “Defence of Purandar” and “Treaty of Purandar”. Show how military resistance and political negotiation were both used in the same crisis.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Journey to Agra

Trusting Jaising’s assurance, Shivaji left for Agra. Before leaving, he handed the administration of Swaraj to Jijabai and took her blessings. Sambhaji Raje and a few trusted people accompanied him.

At Aurangzeb’s Court

Shivaji attended the Emperor’s Darbar on Aurangzeb’s fiftieth birthday. He was placed in a back row below people he considered lower in status, and he left the court angrily.

Detention in Agra

Aurangzeb posted guards around Shivaji’s residence, effectively keeping Shivaji and Sambhaji under watch and preventing their return.

Preparing an Escape

Shivaji obtained permission to send most of his companions home and then pretended to be ill. Large baskets of sweets were regularly sent out for distribution, and guards gradually stopped checking them carefully.

Escape from Agra

One evening, Hiroji Farjand remained in Shivaji’s bed while Madari Mehetar stayed nearby. Shivaji and Sambhaji hid in two outgoing baskets, escaped the guarded residence and met servants waiting with horses.

Return to Swaraj

Shivaji travelled in disguise towards Maharashtra, left Sambhaji temporarily at a safe place in Mathura, and reached Rajgad. Sambhaji returned safely later. The escape took place in 1666.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Paint or prepare a scene of the escape

Model scene: guarded Agra residence, baskets being carried out, Hiroji on the bed, Madari nearby, and horses waiting at a safe meeting point. Add a caption describing the plan without dramatic or violent details.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Escape from Agra: Planning and Teamwork

Create a sequence chart with six steps: detention; sending companions home; illness pretence; routine sweet baskets; escape in baskets; return to Rajgad. Add a box naming Hiroji Farjand and Madari Mehetar and their contribution.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Jijamata’s Wish

Kondana was one of the forts handed over after the Treaty of Purandar. Jijamata and Shivaji considered it unsafe to leave this strong fort in Moghul hands and decided it should be recaptured.

Tanaji Malusare

Tanaji, from Umrathe near Mahad, had been Shivaji’s comrade from the early days. The textbook describes him as brave, clever and deeply devoted to the work assigned to him.

“Kondana’s Marriage First”

Tanaji was preparing for his son Raiba’s wedding when he learned of the Kondana campaign. He chose to lead the campaign first, placing public duty before his family celebration.

Tanaji’s Plan

Kondana was held by Udaybhan, an officer appointed by Jaising. Tanaji studied the fort, chose a less-guarded steep side for entry, and coordinated with his brother Suryaji at Kalyan gate.

Entry into the Fort

A small group climbed the difficult western side and lowered a rope so more Mavlas could enter. The plan allowed the attackers to reach the fort from an unexpected direction.

Tanaji’s Valour and Suryaji’s Leadership

A fierce battle followed. Tanaji fell during the fighting. When some Mavlas began to retreat, Suryaji rallied them and continued the campaign.

Kondana becomes Sinhagad

The fort was captured in 1670, but Tanaji was lost. Shivaji expressed deep grief, and the fort came to be remembered as Sinhagad in honour of the brave commander in the lesson’s narrative.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Choose the correct option

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Historical monuments in your area

Model list format: Monument name; location; type; approximate historical period; one special feature; one conservation rule. Students should use local examples from their own area.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Tanaji and the Kondana Campaign

Create a simple route sketch of the fort showing the steep western side, Kalyan gate and the two groups led by Tanaji and Suryaji. Add a values box: duty, planning, courage, leadership.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Why Shivaji Chose Coronation

Shivaji decided on a formal coronation so that the established Swaraj would be recognised by other rulers and would gain a firm political footing. The textbook stresses that the purpose was not personal glory.

Raigad as Capital

Raigad was chosen because it was a strong hill fort from which the kingdom could be administered and enemies watched.

Preparations

A golden throne was prepared, invitations were sent, Gagabhatt came from Varanasi as chief priest, and water from seven rivers and the sea was brought to Raigad. Large arrangements were made for guests.

The Coronation Ceremony

The ceremony included music, ritual bathing with sacred waters and the formal seating of Shivaji on the throne. Jijamata saw the fulfilment of a dream she had supported for many years.

Chhatrapati and a New Era

The coronation took place in 1674. The lesson notes that Shivaji began a Coronation Calendar and struck his own coins. Foreign envoys and people from many regions attended the ceremony.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Write the answers in two or three sentences

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Activity (a) – Coins struck at the coronation

Model response: make a small information card with an image from a teacher-approved source, the name of the coin, metal if known, inscriptions, and why issuing coins was a sign of sovereignty. Do not copy unsupported details.

Activity (b) – Postal stamp collection

Model display: arrange stamps by theme such as leaders, forts, nature, science and culture. Add country, year and subject under each stamp if visible.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Coronation at Raigad

Prepare a ceremonial timeline: decision to be crowned; choice of Raigad; invitation and preparation; arrival of Gagabhatt; coronation; Coronation Calendar and coins. Add a map showing Raigad.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Loss of Maasaheb

Soon after the coronation, Maasaheb Jijabai passed away on 17 June 1674. Shivaji was deeply grieved but continued the work of governing Swaraj.

Plan of the Southern Campaign

Shivaji planned a campaign in Karnatak to build a strong base in the south against future Moghul pressure. Another reason was to resolve issues concerning the ancestral Tanjavur Jagir managed by his step-brother Vyankoji.

Visit to Golconda

Abulhasan Kutubshah welcomed Shivaji at Golconda with great honour. Kutubshah agreed to support the southern campaign.

Conquest of Jinji and Vellore

Shivaji moved south, captured the strong fort of Jinji and later took Vellore after a prolonged operation. The campaign brought a substantial southern territory and several forts under his rule.

Meeting with Vyankoji Raje

Shivaji invited Vyankoji to meet and asked him to support Swaraj. Relations remained difficult, but Shivaji later tried to persuade him through a letter and gave him advice to follow the path of valour rather than depend on enemies.

Return and Final Years

After the campaign Shivaji returned to Raigad and later had to deal with the Siddi of Janjira. The textbook states that Shivaji Maharaj died on 3 April 1680 and remembers him as the protector of his people and founder of Hindavi Swaraj.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Fill in the blanks

2. Write the answer in one sentence

3. Give reasons

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity – Dramatize the meeting with Vyankoji

Model dialogue: Shivaji: “Brother, our family strength should support the welfare of our people.” Vyankoji: “I have my own concerns in Tanjavur.” Shivaji: “Let us resolve the Jagir issue fairly. Do not depend on enemies; choose courage and cooperation.”

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Southern Campaign Map

On an outline map of India, mark Maharashtra, Golconda, Jinji, Vellore and Tanjavur. Add arrows showing the sequence of the campaign and a short note on why a southern base was strategically important.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

Meaning of Management Skill

The textbook defines management skill as working in a disciplined manner on an undertaken task to achieve a definite goal. It presents Shivaji Maharaj’s battles and administration as examples of planning and management.

Building Forts

Forts were central to the protection of Swaraj. The lesson identifies forest forts, hill forts and sea forts (also called Janjira in the textbook). It mentions new forts such as Rajgad, Pratapgad and Sindhudurg, repairs to forts such as Vijaydurg, Torana and Rangna, and the new fort of Raigad.

Management of Forts

Each fort had officers such as Killedar, Sabnis and Karkhanis. Their duties were divided among protection and administration, accounts and revenue, correspondence, supplies, ammunition and maintenance.

Guns and Ammunition

Different sizes of cannons were placed on bastions and fortifications. Guns were made of metals such as iron, brass and copper. The lesson notes that a wax coating was used in the rainy season to help prevent rust.

The Navy

The textbook explains that European powers and the Siddi had strong naval forces. Shivaji created an independent navy, built dockyards and ships, repaired sea forts and built Sindhudurg and Khanderi to protect the coast and sea routes.

People of the Navy

The navy included members of sea-faring communities such as Koli, Bhandari and Agari. The lesson names Daulatkhan, Maynak Bhandari, Lai Patil, Daryasarang and Tukoji Angre among skilled naval figures.

Intelligence Department

Bahirji Naik was chief of a well-organised intelligence system. The textbook says Shivaji gathered information before beginning major operations.

Guerilla Tactics

Guerilla tactics are described as sudden, unexpected attacks at a suitable place and time followed by quick movement to safety. The Sahyadri terrain, hill forts and support of local people helped this style of warfare.

Discipline in the Army

The lesson notes rules of discipline, including respect for women, avoiding alcohol, not troubling subjects and not extorting money.

TEXTBOOK KNOWLEDGE CHECKS / MODEL RESPONSES

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Can you tell these names?

2. Write what you feel

3. Write two things these officers did

4. Show the following on an outline map of Maharashtra

5. Which aspect of Shivaji Maharaj’s management skills did you like most? How will you use it in daily life?

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Textbook Activity (a) – Play: “An Interview with Shivaji Maharaj”

Model questions: Why were forts important? Why did you build a navy? How did intelligence help planning? What qualities should soldiers have? Students may answer using only ideas from the lesson.

Textbook Activity (b) – Information about Indian Navy warships

Model research table: Ship name; ship type; main role; year commissioned. Because fleet information can change, students should use current official/teacher-approved sources.

Textbook Activity (c) – Visit different types of forts

Model field sheet: Fort name; fort type; gate; bastion; water tank; storehouse; temple/building; defensive feature; conservation rule.

“You can do this” – Model Fort Construction

Materials: cardboard/clay/recycled boxes, paper, glue, labels. First choose a safe location, then make a blueprint showing houses, walls, gates and water arrangements before building the model.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Fort and Navy Management Portfolio

Create four pages: Types of forts; Fort officers and duties; Navy and sea forts; Intelligence and guerilla tactics. Add one management lesson you can use in school life.

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

LESSON SUMMARY

A Welfare State

The textbook describes Swaraj as a state run for the welfare of people. It explains welfare through basic needs, respect for women, fair treatment of peasants, quick justice, development of agriculture and industries, and a contented public life.

Council of Eight Ministers

For smooth administration, Shivaji Maharaj divided work among eight departments and appointed ministers according to eligibility and merit. He supervised their work.

Protection of Environment

The lesson defines natural environment broadly – land, air, rain, rivers, seas, forests, birds, animals and sunlight. It states that resources should be used only as needed and that forests and valuable trees should be protected.

Royal Edict on Trees

The supplementary Royal Edict passage says timber for the navy should be obtained carefully, with preference for permitted teak and purchases from outside when needed. Fruit trees cared for by people should not be cut casually; even old trees should be taken only with consent and payment.

Water Management

Bunds and canals were built to provide drinking water and irrigation. On forts, water availability was checked before construction, and tanks or reservoirs were built to store rainwater. Stored water was used economically.

Drought Relief

The lesson describes tax relief, free grain from state stores and public works such as fort repairs, dams, bunds and canals during drought, which also created employment for peasants and artisans.

Sea Trade and Markets

Shivaji’s navy also supported trade. The lesson mentions cargo ships, ports such as Rajapur, markets at Raigad and Khed Shivapur, and tax policies intended to encourage trade within Swaraj.

High Regard for Women

The textbook says women and children in enemy camps were not to be harmed and were to be treated respectfully. It gives Mallamma Desai of Belawadi as an example of a brave opponent who was honoured for her courage.

Cleanliness and Hygiene

Measures included keeping homes and public areas clean, using protective fencing and fumigation where appropriate, and preventing garbage from accumulating on roads and markets. Ashes from burnt waste were used as manure.

Hindavi Swaraj and Religious Tolerance

The lesson defines Hindavi Swaraj as the rule of people living in Hindustan regardless of community. It describes protection of mosques, respect for the Quran, temples and Christian churches, and honour shown to saints and learned people.

Shivaji Maharaj’s Leadership Qualities

The closing section presents him as an organiser, administrator, strategist and protector who combined courage with planning, justice and concern for subjects.

Supplementary Note – Fort Jinji

A final textbook note explains that after conquering Jinji, Shivaji strengthened its fortifications and watch towers. The note presents this as an example of foresight in fort management, which later helped Rajaram Maharaj defend the fort for a long period.

TEXTBOOK KNOWLEDGE CHECKS / MODEL RESPONSES

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Give reasons

2. Fill in the blanks to complete the Council of Eight Ministers table

3. Discuss

4. Read and tell

ACTIVITY MODEL ANSWERS

Something for you to do – Royal Edict chart

Model: Write the title “Royal Edict for Protection of Environment” and paraphrase five key points: use resources only as needed; protect forests; cut permitted timber carefully; do not cut valuable fruit trees unnecessarily; obtain owner consent and pay compensation before removing an old tree.

Activity (a) – Hold a school market

Model price list for classroom role-play only: Pencil ₹10, notebook ₹30, eraser ₹5, ruler ₹10, fruit card ₹20. Students should compare with a real local market and update the values instead of treating these sample prices as current market prices.

Activity (b) – Trees near school and conservation

Model answer: Neem, mango and banyan are common examples. We can conserve trees by watering young plants, protecting roots and trunks, avoiding damage to branches, keeping soil clean and reporting harmful cutting.

Model response – Local market study

Write: Market name; location; main goods; weekly/daily schedule; how the market got its name; two observations on cleanliness and waste management.

PROJECT MODEL ANSWER

Suggested Project – Welfare State of Swaraj: Administration and Environment

Create six sections: Council of Eight Ministers; Environment; Water Management; Drought Relief; Trade and Markets; Cleanliness and Religious Tolerance. Add a final reflection: “Which welfare idea can I practise in school or community life?”

EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

FINAL QUICK INDEX

Lesson 1 – Maharashtra before Shivaji

Lesson 2 – Work of the Saints

Lesson 3 – Maratha Sardars – The Famous House of the Bhonsales

Lesson 4 – Shivaji’s Childhood

Lesson 5 – Shivaji’s Education

Lesson 6 – The Oath of Swaraj

Lesson 7 – Swaraj – First Conquest

Lesson 8 – Defeat of Internal Enemies

Lesson 9 – Pratapgad Makes History

Lesson 10 – Baji Prabhu and the Memorable Battle of Ghodkhind

Lesson 11 – The Discomfiture of Shaistakhan

Lesson 12 – The Siege of Purandar and the Treaty with the Moghul Emperor

Lesson 13 – Shivaji Gives the Slip to the Emperor

Lesson 14 – The Fort Is Captured but the Lion Is Dead

Lesson 15 – A Memorable Ceremony

Lesson 16 – Campaign in the South

Lesson 17 – Management of Forts and the Navy

Lesson 18 – Management of the Welfare State of Swaraj