Std 4 EVS 1 – Complete Textbook Solutions

📘 Summary

1. External Organs

Body parts located outside the body are called external organs.

Examples include hands, legs, eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue.

Hands and legs help us walk, run, pick up objects and perform other activities. Therefore, the textbook calls them motor organs or Karmendriya.

2. Sensory Organs

Organs that help us become aware of our surroundings are called sensory organs.

They are:

• Eyes
• Ears
• Nose
• Tongue
• Skin

3. Internal Organs

Organs located inside the body and not visible from outside are called internal organs.

The lesson discusses:

• Brain
• Heart
• Lungs
• Liver
• Stomach
• Oesophagus
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

4. Brain

The brain is located inside the skull.

The skull protects it.

The brain:

• Processes information received from sensory organs.
• Stores information.
• Helps us use remembered information.
• Is involved in emotions such as anger, joy and sorrow.

5. Heart

The heart is slightly to the left of the centre of the chest.

It is about the size of a closed fist.

It acts like a pump and circulates blood throughout the body.

6. Lungs

There are two lungs in the chest.

They supply oxygen required by the body.

The heart and lungs work in coordination and are protected by the ribcage.

7. Stomach and Oesophagus

The oesophagus is the long tube that carries swallowed food to the stomach.

The stomach is a bag-like internal organ where food is churned.

The liver helps in digestion.

8. Small Intestine

Digestion is completed in the small intestine.

Nutrients and water from food are absorbed into the blood.

9. Large Intestine

The large intestine absorbs water from undigested food.

The last part is called the rectum.

Waste is stored there temporarily and later expelled through the anus.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Match the Following

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. What are external organs?

Organs located outside the body and visible from outside are called external organs.

2. What is the function of the heart?

The heart keeps blood circulating throughout the body.

C. Odd Word Out

1. Nose, Ear, Eyes, Lungs

Odd: Lungs
Reason: The others are external sensory organs; lungs are internal.

2. Heart, Lungs, Liver, Eyes

Odd: Eyes
Reason: The others are internal organs.

3. Hand, Leg, Eyes, Stomach

Odd: Stomach
Reason: It is an internal organ.

4. Ear, Oesophagus, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Odd: Ear
Reason: Ear is external; the others are internal organs.

D. Classify the Organs

External Organs: Nose, Eyes, Tongue, Ear, Skin

Internal Organs: Brain, Stomach, Heart, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Liver, Rectum, Oesophagus, Anus

E. Position of Organs

• Brain – inside the head/skull
• Heart – chest
• Lungs – chest
• Stomach – abdomen

The exercise asks students to connect these organs to their correct positions in the body diagram.

🧩 Activities

Cardboard or Clay Human Body Model

Materials: Cardboard or clay, paper, colours, glue and labels.

Procedure:

1. Make an outline of the human body.
2. Place the brain inside the head.
3. Place the lungs and heart in the chest.
4. Show the stomach and intestines in the abdomen.
5. Label the external and internal organs.
6. Write one function beside each major organ.

Conclusion: Different organs perform different functions and work together in our body.

🎨 Project

Know Your Organs Chart

Conclusion: Every organ has a specific function and contributes to the proper functioning of our body.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What are external organs?
Organs visible from outside the body.

2. Give two examples of motor organs.
Hands and legs.

3. Name the sensory organs.
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.

4. What are internal organs?
Organs inside the body that cannot be seen from outside.

5. Where is the brain located?
Inside the skull.

6. What protects the brain?
The skull.

7. What is the function of the brain?
It processes and stores information.

8. Where is the heart located?
Slightly to the left of the centre of the chest.

9. How big is the heart?
About the size of a closed fist.

10. What does the heart do?
It circulates blood.

11. How many lungs do we have?
Two.

12. What do the lungs supply?
Oxygen.

13. What is the oesophagus?
The tube that carries food to the stomach.

14. What happens in the stomach?
Food is churned.

15. Where is digestion completed?
In the small intestine.

16. What is absorbed in the small intestine?
Nutrients and water.

17. What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water from undigested food.

18. What is the rectum?
The last part of the large intestine where waste is stored temporarily.

19. Through where is waste expelled?
The anus.

⚡ Quick Revision

External organs: Visible from outside.
Sensory organs: Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin.
Motor organs: Hands and legs.
Brain: Stores and processes information.
Heart: Pumps blood.
Lungs: Supply oxygen.
Small intestine: Digestion and nutrient absorption.
Large intestine: Absorbs water.

📘 Summary

1. Stars and Planets

Objects that sparkle in the night sky are called stars.

The textbook states that planets do not sparkle like stars.

Stars are self-luminous, whereas planets do not have their own light.

The Sun is a star, the Earth is a planet and the Moon is Earth's satellite.

2. Solar System

Eight planets revolve around the Sun:

1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
5. Jupiter
6. Saturn
7. Uranus
8. Neptune

Each planet revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.

3. Mercury

• Closest planet to the Sun.

4. Venus

• Second planet from the Sun.

5. Earth

• Third planet from the Sun.
• Life exists on Earth.
• The textbook gives Earth's average distance from the Sun as about 149 million kilometres.

6. Mars

• Fourth planet from the Sun.
• The textbook notes that humans have sent a Mars probe to it.

7. Jupiter

• Fifth planet.
• Largest planet in the Solar System.

8. Saturn

• Sixth planet.
• Has prominent rings.

9. Uranus

• Seventh planet.

10. Neptune

• Eighth and farthest of the eight planets from the Sun.

11. Satellites

Celestial bodies that revolve around planets are called satellites.

The Moon is Earth's natural satellite.

12. Asteroids

Numerous small celestial bodies form a belt between Mars and Jupiter.

These bodies are called asteroids.

13. Dwarf Planets

The textbook describes small bodies that independently orbit the Sun as dwarf planets.

Example: Pluto.

14. Comets

Comets are celestial bodies made of ice, dust and rock that revolve around the Sun.

The lesson gives Halley's Comet as an example and states that it appears after about 76 years.

15. Astronomical Unit

The average distance between Earth and the Sun is considered one Astronomical Unit or AU.

The textbook gives it as approximately 149 million kilometres.

16. Inner and Outer Planets

Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

17. Sun

The Sun is the only star in our Solar System.

It is considered the centre of the Solar System and is the main source of heat and light for life on Earth.

18. Rotation

Earth's spinning around its own axis is called rotation or diurnal motion.

Earth completes one rotation in about 24 hours.

19. Day and Night

Only half of Earth receives sunlight at one time.

The illuminated side experiences day, while the dark side experiences night.

Rotation causes day and night.

20. Revolution

Earth's movement around the Sun is called revolution.

It takes about 365 days to complete one revolution.

This period is called a year.

21. Phases of the Moon

The shape of the illuminated portion of the Moon visible from Earth appears to change.

These changing shapes are called phases of the Moon.

New Moon → Full Moon: visible illuminated part increases; this is Shukla Paksha / waxing period.

Full Moon → New Moon: visible illuminated part decreases; this is Krishna Paksha / waning period.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Fill in the Correct Word

1. Objects that sparkle in the sky are called ______.

Answer: Stars.

2. ______ is the closest planet to the Sun.

Answer: Mercury.

3. Earth's spin around itself is called ______ motion.

Answer: Diurnal motion.

4. The daily changing shape of the Moon is called ______.

Answer: Phase of the Moon.

The textbook's revision section asks these questions along with questions on satellites, comets, planets, lunar phases and day/night.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. Which is the satellite of Earth?

The Moon is Earth's natural satellite.

2. What are comets?

Comets are celestial objects made of ice, dust and rock that revolve around the Sun.

3. What are phases of the Moon?

The changing shapes of the illuminated part of the Moon visible from Earth are called phases of the Moon.

C. Short Answers

1. Difference between stars and planets

Stars: Produce their own light and appear to sparkle.

Planets: Do not have their own light and revolve around a star such as the Sun.

2. Name any two inner planets.

Mercury and Venus.

Earth and Mars are also inner planets.

3. Why do the phases of the Moon change?

As the Moon revolves around Earth, its position changes. Therefore, we see different portions of its illuminated half.

D. Draw Three Lunar Phases

Students may draw and label:

• New Moon
• Waxing Moon
• Full Moon

E. Tell Me

1. What colour does the sky appear at sunset?

Model Answer: The sky may appear red, orange, pink or yellow at sunset.

Students should write their own observation.

2. How do day and night occur?

Earth rotates on its axis. The side facing the Sun experiences day and the opposite side experiences night.

F. Observe the Moon for One Month

Model Sequence:
New Moon → Waxing Crescent → Half Moon → Waxing Moon → Full Moon → Waning Moon → Half Moon → Waning Crescent → New Moon

G. Solar System Slogan

“Eight planets around the Sun,
Learning space is full of fun!”

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Rotation and Revolution Role Play

One student represents the Sun.

Another represents Earth.

The Earth student spins in place to show rotation while moving around the Sun to show revolution.

Conclusion: Rotation takes about 24 hours; revolution takes about 365 days.

Activity 2 – Observe the Moon

Record:

Activity 3 – Solar System Role Play

Assign students the roles of:

• Sun
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

Arrange them in correct sequence.

🎨 Project

Create a Replica of Our Solar System

Materials: Cardboard, coloured balls/paper, labels and thread.

Procedure:

1. Place the Sun at the centre.
2. Prepare eight planets.
3. Arrange them in correct order.
4. Show their orbits.
5. Label every planet.
6. Mark the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
7. Add Earth's Moon if desired.

Correct order:
Mercury → Venus → Earth → Mars → Jupiter → Saturn → Uranus → Neptune

Conclusion: Our Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets and other celestial bodies including satellites, asteroids, dwarf planets and comets.

Creating a Solar System replica is specifically listed as an activity in the textbook.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is a star?
A self-luminous celestial object.

2. What is a planet?
A celestial body that revolves around a star and does not have its own light.

3. Is the Sun a star?
Yes.

4. Is Earth a planet?
Yes.

5. How many planets are in the Solar System?
Eight.

6. Name the planets in order.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

7. Which planet is nearest to the Sun?
Mercury.

8. Which is the largest planet?
Jupiter.

9. Which planet is famous for rings?
Saturn.

10. Which is the farthest of the eight planets?
Neptune.

11. What is a satellite?
A celestial body that revolves around a planet.

12. What is Earth's natural satellite?
The Moon.

13. Where is the asteroid belt?
Between Mars and Jupiter.

14. Name a dwarf planet.
Pluto.

15. What is one AU?
The average distance between Earth and the Sun.

16. What is rotation?
Earth's spinning around its own axis.

17. What causes day and night?
Earth's rotation.

18. What is revolution?
Earth's movement around the Sun.

19. How long is one year?
About 365 days.

20. What are lunar phases?
The changing visible shapes of the illuminated Moon.

⚡ Quick Revision

Star: Self-luminous celestial object.
Planet: Revolves around the Sun and has no light of its own.
Satellite: Revolves around a planet.
Rotation: Causes day and night.
Revolution: Earth travels around the Sun.
Year: About 365 days.
Moon phases: Changing visible illuminated shapes of the Moon.

📘 Summary

1. Life Cycle of a Plant

A flower bud becomes a flower.

A fruit develops from a flower.

Fruits contain seeds.

A seed germinates in soil, producing a root and sprout. A seedling develops and grows into a mature plant.

Sequence:
Seed → Seedling → Plant → Flower → Fruit → Seeds

2. Autotrophic Plants

Plants that prepare their own food are called autotrophic plants.

Example: Mango tree.

3. Heterotrophic Plants

Some plants depend on other plants for food.

The lesson gives Dodder as an example. It grows using the support of another plant and absorbs some of its food.

4. Insectivorous Plants

Some plants obtain nutrients by trapping insects.

Examples:

• Pitcher Plant
• Sundew

5. Diversity in Plants

Plants show diversity in:

• Shape
• Size
• Colour
• Leaves
• Flowers
• Texture
• Fragrance

Hibiscus and Periwinkle are shown as having five petals, while Rose and Jasmine may have many petals.

6. Types of Leaves

Simple Leaf

Only one leaf is attached to the stem.

Examples:

• Mango
• Lemon
• Hibiscus
• Banyan
• Peepal

Compound Leaf

Many small leaflets are present.

Examples:

• Tamarind
• Gulmohar
• Coconut
• Drumstick
• Neem
• Touch-me-not

7. Photosynthesis

Green plants prepare their food using:

• Air
• Sunlight
• Water
• Nutrients absorbed by the roots

This process is called photosynthesis.

It mainly takes place in green leaves.

8. Functions of Roots

Roots:

• Absorb water.
• Absorb dissolved nutrients.
• Hold the plant firmly in soil.

9. Types of Roots

Taproot

A thick main root with smaller branches.

Examples:

• Mango
• Peepal

Fibrous Root

Many fibre-like roots growing from the base of the stem.

Examples:

• Wheat
• Maize
• Grass
• Coconut

10. Lifespan of Plants

Some plants live for a few months, some for years and some trees for many years.

Few months: Marigold, Wheat, Spinach

Several years: Rose, Orange, Jujube, Pomegranate

Many years: Peepal, Tamarind, Coconut, Drumstick, Breadfruit

Some Banyan trees may live for hundreds of years.

11. Seed Balls

Seed balls are made by mixing:

• Seeds
• Fertile soil
• Cow dung
• A little water

The balls are dried and later scattered in suitable places after the rains begin.

The growing saplings should then be cared for.

12. Uses of Plants

Plants provide:

• Food
• Clothing
• Shelter
• Shade
• Medicines

13. Clothing

Fibres from plants such as cotton and jute are used for clothes.

14. Shelter

Plant materials used for shelter include:

• Wood
• Bamboo
• Grass
• Coconut leaves
• Hay
• Wattle

Birds and animals also use trees for shelter.

15. Shade

Trees provide shade to humans, birds and animals.

16. Medicinal Plants

Examples mentioned in the chapter include:

• Lemongrass
• Adulsa
• Basil
• Aloe Vera
• Nirgudi
• Gulvel
• Shatavari
• Neem

Because medicinal plants are heavily used, the textbook stresses the need to cultivate and conserve them.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Select the Correct Option

1. Plants that grow tall and have a hard stem are called:

a) Herb
b) Vine
c) Shrub
d) Tree

Answer: d) Tree

2. Plants that grow on other plants and absorb food from them are called:

a) Autotrophic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Insectivorous
d) Vine

Answer: b) Heterotrophic

3. What is the use of colour and fragrance of flowers?

a) Prepare food
b) Attract insects
c) Self-protection
d) Absorb water

Answer: b) To attract insects

4. What does a floral bud transform into?

Answer: Flower

5. By which process do plants prepare food?

Answer: Photosynthesis

6. What is the main function of roots?

Answer: To absorb water and nutrients

These questions form part of the textbook's “Let's Revise” section.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. Small branches grow from one thick main root. What type is it?

Answer: Taproot.

2. Which part mainly prepares food?

Answer: Green leaves.

3. What things are needed for photosynthesis?

Answer: Sunlight, air, water and nutrients are needed.

C. Crossword – Names of Plants

The clearly identifiable plant names are:

• Bamboo
• Maize
• Spinach

D. Answer the Following

1. Why should medicinal plants be cultivated at home or in the backyard?

Because many medicinal plants are being used on a large scale and their numbers are decreasing. Cultivation helps conserve them and makes them available nearby.

2. How do forest trees grow without people giving them water or fertilizers?

Their roots absorb naturally available rainwater and nutrients from the soil. Natural decomposition in forests also adds nutrients to the soil.

3. What are the benefits of houses made using parts of plants?

The textbook explains that houses made using materials such as coconut leaves, grass, bamboo, wood and similar natural materials can be airy, cool and inexpensive.

E. Name the Plant Parts and Their Uses

Roots: Absorb water and nutrients and hold the plant firmly.

Leaves: Prepare food through photosynthesis.

Fruit: Provides food and contains seeds from which new plants can grow.

The diagram on the final exercise page asks students to identify plant parts and write their uses.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Leaf Collection

Students may add leaves found in their surroundings.

Activity 2 – Peepal Leaf Bookmark

Follow the textbook activity:

1. Take a Peepal leaf.
2. Soak it in water for the stated period.
3. Change the water regularly.
4. Wash the leaf gently.
5. Use the remaining leaf network as a bookmark.

Activity 3 – Seed Balls

Materials: Seeds, fertile soil, cow dung and water.

Method:

1. Mix the materials.
2. Make small balls.
3. Dry them.
4. Scatter them in suitable open areas after the rains begin.
5. Care for the saplings that grow.

Activity 4 – Kshitij's Terrace Garden

If the family is going away for 15 days:

• Ask a trusted person to water the plants.
• Water them properly before leaving.
• Keep them where they receive suitable light.
• Use a simple slow-watering system with adult help.
• Group pots appropriately to reduce rapid drying.

Activity 5 – My Medicinal Garden

Grow plants such as:

• Basil
• Mint
• Coriander

Record:

The textbook specifically suggests “My Medicinal Garden” and asks students to record changes in leaves, height and colour.

🎨 Project

My Green Companions Album

Divide the project into sections:

Food Plants: Rice, wheat, fruits, vegetables

Fibre Plants: Cotton, jute

Shelter Plants: Bamboo, coconut, teak

Shade-Giving Trees: Banyan, Peepal and other local trees

Medicinal Plants: Basil, Neem, Aloe Vera, Adulsa, Lemongrass

For each plant include:

• Name
• Picture
• Part used
• Main use

Conclusion: Plants provide food, clothing, shelter, shade and medicines. They are valuable companions of humans, animals and birds, so they should be planted and protected.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What does a flower bud become?
A flower.

2. What develops from a flower?
A fruit.

3. What do fruits contain?
Seeds.

4. What is germination?
The beginning of growth of a seed into a new plant.

5. What is an autotrophic plant?
A plant that prepares its own food.

6. Give one autotrophic plant.
Mango.

7. What is a heterotrophic plant?
A plant that depends on another organism for food.

8. Give one example.
Dodder.

9. What are insectivorous plants?
Plants that trap insects for nutrients.

10. Give two examples.
Pitcher Plant and Sundew.

11. Name two types of leaves.
Simple and compound.

12. Give two simple-leaf examples.
Mango and Lemon.

13. Give two compound-leaf examples.
Tamarind and Neem.

14. What is photosynthesis?
The process by which green plants prepare food using sunlight, air, water and nutrients.

15. Where does photosynthesis mainly occur?
In green leaves.

16. What are the main functions of roots?
Absorbing water and nutrients and anchoring the plant.

17. What is a taproot?
A thick main root with smaller branches.

18. Give taproot examples.
Mango and Peepal.

19. What is a fibrous root?
Many thin roots growing from the base of the stem.

20. Give fibrous-root examples.
Wheat and grass.

21. What do plants provide us?
Food, clothing, shelter, shade and medicines.

22. Which plants provide fibres for clothing?
Cotton and jute.

23. Why are trees planted along roads?
To provide shade and relief from heat.

24. Name four medicinal plants.
Basil, Neem, Aloe Vera and Lemongrass.

25. Why should medicinal plants be cultivated?
To conserve them and maintain their availability.

26. Why are plants called our green companions?
Because they support humans, animals and birds in many important ways.

⚡ Quick Revision

Plant life cycle: Seed → Seedling → Plant → Flower → Fruit → Seed
Autotrophic: Makes its own food.
Heterotrophic: Depends on others for food.
Insectivorous: Traps insects.
Photosynthesis: Food-making process in green plants.
Root types: Taproot and fibrous root.
Uses of plants: Food, clothing, shelter, shade and medicines.
Main message: Plant trees, protect them and care for them.

📘 Summary

Introduction

We experience different seasons during the year. The lesson mainly discusses summer, the rainy season and winter. Seasonal changes affect temperature, rainfall, food, clothing, farming, plants, animals and human health.

The lesson explains that seasons are connected with the Earth’s revolution around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth’s axis.

📘 Summary

1.1 Why Do Seasons Change?

The Earth performs two important movements:

• It rotates on its own axis.
• It revolves around the Sun.

The Earth’s axis remains tilted at 23° 30′.

While the Earth revolves around the Sun, the two hemispheres receive different amounts of sunlight at different times.

When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more towards the Sun:

• Days become longer.
• Temperature increases.
• Summer begins there.

At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere receives less sunlight:

• Days become shorter.
• Temperature decreases.
• Winter begins there.

Thus, opposite hemispheres may experience opposite seasons at the same time.

2. Seasons and Winds

Changes in temperature also cause changes in air pressure.

Winds move from:

High-pressure areas → Low-pressure areas

Moisture-bearing winds coming from the ocean bring rain.

In India, rainfall occurs mainly due to seasonal winds.

The amount of rainfall differs from one place to another because geographical conditions are different.

3. Three Major Seasons

The lesson mainly discusses three major seasons:

1. Summer
2. Rainy Season / Monsoon
3. Winter

Seasonal changes affect:

• Human health
• Food
• Clothing
• Plant growth
• Animal behaviour
• Crop production

4. Effects of Seasonal Changes on Human Health

Seasonal changes may affect our bodies and health.

The lesson mentions:

• Changes in diet
• Seasonal food requirements
• Changes in clothing
• Fatigue
• Body aches
• Risk of infection

Therefore, we should change our food, clothing and daily routine according to the season.

5. Summer Season

Summer is very hot.

During summer:

• We wear loose cotton clothes.
• We should drink water frequently.
• We may drink suitable cooling drinks.
• We should avoid unnecessary exposure to strong sunlight.
• We may use an umbrella, suncoat or handkerchief when required.

6. Fruits Available in Summer

The lesson mentions fruits such as:

• Mangoes
• Watermelons
• Oranges
• Grapes

The cashew season also begins in the Konkan region during this period.

7. Animals During Summer

Animals also change their routines according to seasonal conditions.

The lesson states that:

• Animals such as snakes and frogs usually do not come out much in summer.
• Some animals remain in trees or cooler places.

8. Rainy Season

The rainy season follows summer.

According to the lesson:

• Rains begin from June.
• Greenery appears everywhere.
• Farmers begin sowing.
• People protect their houses from rainwater.
• Different fruits and wild vegetables become available.

9. Safety During the Rainy Season

During rain, we use:

• Umbrellas
• Raincoats
• Other suitable rain protection

We should also be careful while travelling.

If rivers or streams are flooded:

• Do not enter or cross floodwater.
• Use an alternative safe route.

Animals also take measures to protect themselves from rain.

10. Winter Season

Winter begins after the monsoon.

During winter:

• The air feels cold.
• Cold winds blow.
• We wear warm clothes.

Fruits such as:

• Guava
• Jujube

are available during winter.

The lesson also mentions Diwali holidays during winter.

Towards the end of winter, leaves begin falling from some trees.

11. Diet Changes According to Seasons

Our food habits change with seasons.

Summer

We need more fluids and juicy seasonal foods.

Rainy Season

Different fruits and wild vegetables may become available.

Winter

The exercise suggests eating foods that provide more energy during winter.

The lesson therefore teaches us to adapt our diet to seasonal conditions.

12. Clothing Changes According to Seasons

Different seasons require different clothing.

Summer

• Loose clothes
• Cotton clothes

Rainy Season

• Raincoat
• Umbrella
• Suitable rain protection

Winter

• Warm clothes

The textbook specifically highlights that seasonal changes result in diversity in clothing.

13. Bird Migration

Some animals move from one place to another when seasons change.

This movement is called migration.

Birds migrate for reasons such as:

• Weather changes
• Availability of food
• Raising their young ones

Many migratory birds come to India during winter.

They may travel thousands of kilometres and return when conditions change.

The textbook gives Mayani Bird Sanctuary in Khatav taluka of Satara district as an example of a bird-migration location in Maharashtra.

14. Tree Plantation Week

Tree Plantation Week is organised after the onset of the monsoon.

According to the lesson, it is celebrated from:

1 July to 7 July

During this period, people plant different types of trees together.

Forest Festival activities are also organised during the monsoon.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

The textbook revision exercises are given on pages 50–51.

A. Write the Correct Word in the Blank

1. There are ______ major seasons in India.

a) two
b) three
c) five
d) six

Answer:

b) Three

Complete Sentence:

There are three major seasons in India.

2. Eat food that provides more energy during the ______ season.

a) Summer
b) Monsoon
c) Winter
d) Spring

Answer:

c) Winter

Complete Sentence:

Eat food that provides more energy during the winter season.

3. ______ are caused by the Earth’s revolution around the Sun and the Earth’s tilt.

a) Season
b) Water cycle
c) Festivals
d) Day and night

Answer:

a) Season

Complete Sentence:

Seasons are caused by the Earth’s revolution around the Sun and the Earth’s tilt.

4. Duration of each main season is ______ months.

a) four
b) three
c) two
d) five

Answer:

a) Four

B. Write the Answers in One Sentence

1. By how many degrees is the Earth’s axis tilted?

Answer:

The Earth’s axis is tilted by 23° 30′.

2. What season is there in our country from June to September?

Answer:

The rainy or monsoon season occurs in our country from June to September.

3. In which season should we drink more drinks like juices and buttermilk?

Answer:

We should drink more suitable fluids such as juices and buttermilk during the summer season.

C. Write Short Answers

1. Write down the effects of seasonal changes on human health.

Answer:

Seasonal changes affect human health in several ways.

They may cause:

1. Changes in our diet.
2. Changes in clothing.
3. Fatigue.
4. Body aches.
5. Increased risk of some infections.
6. Changes in our daily routine.

Therefore, we should adjust our food, clothing and routine according to the season.

2. How are seasons formed? Write in two or three sentences.

Answer:

Seasons are formed because the Earth revolves around the Sun while its axis remains tilted.

Different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of sunlight during its revolution.

These changes in temperature lead to the formation of seasons such as summer, monsoon and winter.

D. Complete the Table

*The textbook leaves the festival entries open for students to complete. Festivals vary by region, community and calendar, so teachers or students may insert appropriate local examples. The lesson itself explicitly mentions Diwali holidays during winter.

E. What will happen if we do not change our routine and diet according to the seasons?

Model Answer:

If we do not change our food, clothing and routine according to the seasons:

1. We may feel uncomfortable.
2. We may become tired easily.
3. Our risk of illness may increase.
4. We may not get suitable nutrition for the weather.
5. Wearing unsuitable clothes may make us too hot, wet or cold.
6. Our daily activities may become difficult.

Therefore, our routine, food and clothing should be suitable for seasonal conditions.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Observe the Tree Plantation Picture

The textbook asks students to observe the picture on page 49 and write four to five lines.

Model Answer

1. The picture shows students and teachers planting trees together.
2. They are planting saplings during the monsoon season.
3. Tree Plantation Week is celebrated from 1 July to 7 July.
4. Planting trees helps increase greenery around us.
5. We should plant trees and take care of them regularly.

Activity 2 – Seasonal Food Items Prepared at Home

The textbook asks students to make a list of foods prepared seasonally in their homes.

Model Answer

Summer

• Lemonade
• Kokam sharbat
• Raw mango drink
• Seasonal fruits

Rainy Season

• Seasonal vegetables available locally
• Warm home-prepared foods suited to the family

Winter

• Energy-rich family foods
• Seasonal fruits such as guava and jujube

Note

Students should replace or add foods that are actually prepared in their own homes.

Activity 3 – Prepare Seasonal Drinks

The textbook specifically suggests preparing:

• Lemonade
• Kokam sharbat
• Raw mango drink

with the help of household members.

Model Activity – Lemonade

Ingredients

• Drinking water
• Lemon
• A small amount of sugar as preferred
• A small pinch of salt if used at home

Method

1. Take help from an adult at home.
2. Squeeze lemon into clean drinking water.
3. Add sugar and salt according to family preference.
4. Mix well.
5. Serve fresh.

Conclusion

Seasonal drinks can help us increase fluid intake during hot weather.

Activity 4 – Changes in Clothing According to Seasons

The textbook asks students to use the internet to find information about seasonal clothing.

Model Answer

Conclusion

We change our clothing according to temperature and rainfall so that our body remains comfortable and protected.

Activity 5 – Bird Migration Information

Model Answer

Topic: Bird Migration

Bird migration means the seasonal movement of birds from one region to another.

Birds may migrate because of:

• Weather changes
• Availability of food
• Need to raise their young ones

Many migratory birds come to India during winter.

The textbook gives Mayani Bird Sanctuary in Satara district as one example in Maharashtra.

🎨 Project

The textbook does not contain a separate “Project” heading in this lesson. The following is a suggested project based entirely on the topics in the chapter for blog and classroom use.

Suggested Project – My Seasonal Changes Chart

Title

The Fun of Changing Seasons

Divide your chart into three sections:

1. Summer

Weather

Hot

Clothes

Loose cotton clothes

Food and Drinks

• Mangoes
• Watermelons
• Oranges
• Grapes
• Water and suitable cooling drinks

Safety

• Avoid unnecessary exposure to strong sunlight.
• Use an umbrella or sun protection when needed.
• Drink sufficient fluids.

2. Rainy Season

Weather

Rainy and humid

Nature

Greenery increases.

Farming

Farmers begin sowing.

Clothes and Protection

• Raincoat
• Umbrella

Safety

• Do not cross flooded rivers or streams.
• Use safe alternative routes.

3. Winter

Weather

Cold

Clothes

Warm clothes

Fruits

• Guava
• Jujube

Nature

Leaves of some trees begin falling towards the end of winter.

Model Conclusion

Seasonal changes affect our weather, food, clothes, farming, plants, animals and health.

We should understand seasonal changes and adjust our daily habits accordingly.

❓ Extra Q&A

Q.1 Name the three major seasons discussed in the lesson.

Answer: Summer, rainy season and winter.

Q.2 What are the two movements of the Earth mentioned in the lesson?

Answer: Rotation and revolution.

Q.3 Around what does the Earth revolve?

Answer: The Sun.

Q.4 By how much is the Earth’s axis tilted?

Answer: 23° 30′.

Q.5 What happens when the North Pole faces more towards the Sun?

Answer: The duration of the day in the Northern Hemisphere increases and the temperature rises.

Q.6 Which season begins in the Northern Hemisphere when it receives more sunlight?

Answer: Summer.

Q.7 What happens in the opposite hemisphere at that time?

Answer: It experiences lower temperatures and winter.

Q.8 From which area do winds blow?

Answer: Winds blow from high-pressure areas towards low-pressure areas.

Q.9 Which winds bring rain?

Answer: Moisture-bearing winds coming from the ocean bring rain.

Q.10 Why does the amount of rainfall differ from region to region?

Answer: Because geographical conditions differ from one region to another.

Q.11 What causes seasonal changes?

Answer: The Earth’s revolution around the Sun and the tilt of its axis.

Q.12 What aspects of human life change according to seasons?

Answer: Diet, clothing, health and daily routine.

Q.13 What kind of clothes should we wear during summer?

Answer: Loose cotton clothes.

Q.14 Why are cotton clothes suitable in summer?

Answer: They are suitable for hot weather and help us remain comfortable.

Q.15 Name four fruits mentioned for summer.

Answer:

1. Mango
2. Watermelon
3. Orange
4. Grapes

Q.16 In which region does the cashew season begin during summer according to the lesson?

Answer: Konkan.

Q.17 What do some animals do during hot summer conditions?

Answer: Some remain in trees or cool places and change their daily routine.

Q.18 When does the rainy season begin according to the lesson?

Answer: Rain begins from June.

Q.19 What happens to the surroundings during the monsoon?

Answer: Greenery begins appearing everywhere.

Q.20 What important agricultural work begins during the rainy season?

Answer: Farmers begin sowing.

Q.21 Name two things used to protect ourselves from rain.

Answer: Umbrella and raincoat.

Q.22 What should we do if a river or stream is flooded?

Answer: We should not cross the floodwater and should use a safe alternative route.

Q.23 Which season follows the monsoon?

Answer: Winter.

Q.24 What type of air do we experience in winter?

Answer: Chilly air and cold winds.

Q.25 What type of clothes are worn during winter?

Answer: Warm clothes.

Q.26 Name two fruits available in winter according to the lesson.

Answer: Guava and jujube.

Q.27 What happens to some tree leaves at the end of winter?

Answer: They begin falling.

Q.28 What is migration?

Answer: Migration is the movement of animals from one place to another.

Q.29 Why do birds migrate?

Answer: Because of weather changes, availability of food and raising their young ones.

Q.30 During which season do many migratory birds come to India?

Answer: Winter.

Q.31 How far may migratory birds travel?

Answer: They may travel thousands of kilometres.

Q.32 Name one bird sanctuary mentioned in the lesson.

Answer: Mayani Bird Sanctuary.

Q.33 Where is Mayani Bird Sanctuary located?

Answer: In Khatav taluka of Satara district.

Q.34 When is Tree Plantation Week celebrated?

Answer: From 1 July to 7 July.

Q.35 Why is Tree Plantation Week held during the monsoon?

Answer: The textbook states that it is organised after the onset of the monsoon when people plant many kinds of trees together.

Q.36 Name some effects of seasonal changes on human health.

Answer: Fatigue, body aches, changes in diet and risk of infection.

Q.37 Why should our clothing change with the seasons?

Answer: Different seasons have different temperatures and rainfall, so suitable clothing protects the body and keeps us comfortable.

Q.38 Why should our diet change with the seasons?

Answer: Different weather conditions affect our body's needs and seasonal foods available to us.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

Answer: Winter.

Q.40 What drinks are suggested as an activity in the lesson?

Answer:

• Lemonade
• Kokam sharbat
• Raw mango drink

⚡ Quick Revision

• The Earth revolves around the Sun.
• The Earth’s axis is tilted by 23° 30′.
• Seasonal changes are caused by Earth’s revolution and axial tilt.
• The three major seasons discussed are summer, rainy season and winter.
• Summer is hot, so we wear loose cotton clothes.
• Mangoes and watermelons are among the fruits mentioned for summer.
• The rainy season begins from June.
• Farmers begin sowing during the rainy season.
• Never enter or cross dangerous floodwater.
• Winter follows the monsoon.
• We wear warm clothes during winter.
• Guava and jujube are mentioned as winter fruits.
• Diet and clothing change according to the seasons.
• Seasonal changes affect human health.
• Bird migration happens because of changing weather, food availability and breeding needs.
• Many migratory birds come to India during winter.
• Mayani Bird Sanctuary is given as an example in Maharashtra.
• Tree Plantation Week is celebrated from 1 July to 7 July.

Below is the properly formatted, Word-document-friendly version of all the above Std 4 EVS 1 lessons in one message, covering Lessons 6 to 13.

I have kept the same structure for every lesson:

📘 Summary

1.1 Journey of Food – From Farm to Plate

Food reaches our plate only after the hard work of many people. A farmer first prepares and ploughs the land, sows seeds and cares for the growing crop. After the grain matures, the crop is harvested, threshed and winnowed. The grain is then stored, transported to market, cleaned, ground where necessary and finally prepared as food at home.

The main stages are:

1. Preparing and ploughing the field
2. Sowing seeds
3. Growing and caring for crops
4. Harvesting
5. Threshing
6. Winnowing
7. Storing grains
8. Taking grains to market
9. Cleaning and grinding grains
10. Preparing food at home

Harvesting means cutting and collecting the mature crop.

Threshing means separating grains from the ears of the crop.

Winnowing means separating light husk and other light material from heavier grains with the help of moving air.

Food should not be wasted because many people work hard before it reaches our plate. The lesson also explains that food provides the energy required for our body to function.

1.2 Importance of Food

Food gives us energy for:

• Working
• Playing
• Studying
• Walking
• Growing
• Carrying out daily activities

Eating the right food, at the right time and in the right quantity helps us remain healthy and strong.

1.3 Diversity in Food

Different types of food are prepared in different parts of Maharashtra.

This diversity depends on:

• Climate
• Rainfall
• Local crops
• Geographical conditions
• Seasons

Examples include rice and coconut in Konkan and jowar, bajra and other grains in different plateau regions.

1.4 Agriculture and Rainfall

Agriculture depends greatly on rainfall.

High-rainfall regions: Rice, nachani, varai, coconut
Moderate-rainfall regions: Wheat, tur, soybean
Low-rainfall regions: Jowar, bajra, moong, matki

Crops also require suitable:

• Seeds
• Soil
• Sunlight
• Water

1.5 Role of Farmers

Farmers carry out many important tasks:

• Preparing fields
• Sowing
• Irrigating
• Protecting crops
• Harvesting
• Threshing
• Winnowing
• Storing
• Transporting produce

1.6 Organic Farming

Organic farming uses natural fertilizers instead of depending heavily on chemical fertilizers.

Examples:

• Cow dung manure
• Compost
• Vermicompost
• Leaf manure

Benefits include maintaining soil fertility and reducing unnecessary chemical use.

1.7 Modern Technology in Agriculture

Modern agricultural machinery helps farmers:

• Work faster
• Reduce physical labour
• Increase efficiency
• Improve production

1.8 Methods of Preparing Food

Food can be prepared by:

• Roasting
• Boiling
• Steaming
• Cooking
• Frying

Cooking often makes food soft, tasty and easier to digest.

1.9 Care While Preparing Food

We should:

• Wash fruits and vegetables.
• Use clean utensils.
• Avoid uncovered food.
• Avoid overcooking unnecessarily.
• Store food properly.
• Use safe drinking water.

1.10 Food Preservation

Food can be preserved by:

• Sun drying
• Salting
• Suitable storage
• Using preservatives
• Keeping grains dry
• Protecting grains from insects and rodents

1.11 Contaminated Food

Food that becomes spoiled, polluted, poisonous or capable of causing illness is called contaminated food.

Causes include:

• Germs
• Dirty water
• Dirty utensils
• Chemicals
• Unwashed vegetables
• Keeping food uncovered
• Storing food incorrectly

Effects may include:

• Stomach ache
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Weakness
• Infection

1.12 Shelters of Animals and Birds

Animals need shelters for protection from:

• Heat
• Cold
• Rain
• Wind
• Enemies

Examples:

• Birds – nests
• Bees – hives
• Rats – burrows

1.13 Human Shelters

Human houses may differ according to geography and available materials.

Rural houses may use:

• Mud
• Bamboo
• Grass
• Stone
• Coconut leaves

Urban houses commonly use:

• Cement
• Concrete
• Steel
• Bricks
• Iron

1.14 Eco-Friendly Houses

Eco-friendly homes may include:

• Natural ventilation
• Natural light
• Solar energy
• Rainwater harvesting
• Recycling
• Waste segregation
• Water reuse

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Write the Correct Answer

1. What is one of the first major tasks performed by a farmer?
Answer: Preparation of the field.

2. Name a crop suitable for heavy-rainfall regions.
Answer: Rice.

3. What helps improve agricultural production?
Answer: Modern technology.

4. From where does our body obtain energy?
Answer: Food.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. What does agriculture mainly depend on?
Agriculture depends mainly on rainfall, along with suitable soil, sunlight and other conditions.

2. What helps increase agricultural production?
Improved seeds, irrigation, fertile soil, machinery and modern farming methods help increase agricultural production.

3. Name some methods of preparing food.
Roasting, cooking, boiling, steaming and frying.

4. What is contaminated food?
Food that has become spoiled or polluted and can harm health is called contaminated food.

C. Short Answers

1. What are the characteristics of a healthy diet?

A healthy diet:

• Contains different types of food.
• Provides proper nutrition.
• Is fresh and clean.
• Is eaten in proper quantity.
• Is eaten at suitable times.

2. How can food be kept safe for a longer period?

By:

• Drying
• Salting
• Using clean containers
• Protecting food from moisture
• Protecting grains from insects and rodents

3. Why are eco-friendly houses useful?

They:

• Reduce harm to the environment.
• Save energy.
• Use resources carefully.
• Encourage recycling.
• Allow natural light and fresh air.

4. What are the effects of eating contaminated food?

It may cause:

• Stomach ache
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Weakness
• Infection

5. Write the benefits of organic farming.

Organic farming:

• Helps maintain soil fertility.
• Uses natural manure.
• Reduces harmful chemical use.
• Supports healthier agricultural practices.

D. Model Dishes Made from Grains

E. Why Are Eco-Friendly Houses Important?

Eco-friendly houses use natural resources carefully, reduce waste and may use renewable energy, natural light and water-saving methods.

F. How Can Food Contamination Be Prevented?

• Wash hands.
• Use clean water.
• Wash vegetables.
• Keep food covered.
• Use clean utensils.
• Eat fresh food.
• Store food properly.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Farm to Plate

Sequence:

Farmer prepares field
↓
Seeds are sown
↓
Crop grows
↓
Harvesting
↓
Threshing
↓
Winnowing
↓
Storage
↓
Market
↓
Cleaning / Grinding
↓
Cooking
↓
Food reaches our plate

Activity 2 – Regional Foods

Activity 3 – Food Storage

Food can be stored by:

• Keeping grains dry
• Using clean containers
• Sun drying
• Refrigerating suitable foods
• Preparing pickles

Activity 4 – Role Play: Food Journey

Characters may include:

• Farmer
• Trader
• Shopkeeper
• Miller
• Cook
• Student

Message:
Respect food and do not waste it.

🎨 Project

Project – My Eco-Friendly Home

Include:

1. Solar energy
2. Natural light
3. Ventilation
4. Rainwater harvesting
5. Waste segregation
6. Composting
7. Water reuse
8. Plants around the house

Conclusion:
An eco-friendly home saves energy, water and natural resources while producing less waste.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is harvesting?
Cutting and collecting a mature crop.

2. What is threshing?
Separating grains from the ears of the crop.

3. What is winnowing?
Separating light husk from heavy grains using air.

4. Why should food not be wasted?
Because many people work hard to produce it.

5. What is organic farming?
Farming using natural fertilizers and methods.

6. Give two natural fertilizers.
Compost and cow dung manure.

7. Name two food preservation methods.
Drying and salting.

8. Why should food be covered?
To protect it from dust, insects and germs.

9. Why do birds make nests?
To protect their eggs and chicks.

10. What is shelter?
A safe place that protects living beings.

📘 Summary

A disaster is a sudden calamity that causes large-scale damage. Disasters may cause loss of life, financial loss and damage to houses, crops and the environment. The lesson classifies disasters as natural and man-made.

1.1 Natural Disasters

Examples:

• Flood
• Earthquake
• Drought
• Storm
• Hailstorm
• Heavy rain
• Landslide

1.2 Man-Made Disasters

Examples:

• Fire
• Accident
• War
• Pollution

1.3 Drought

Drought is a serious water shortage caused mainly by insufficient rainfall.

Causes include:

• Lack of rain
• Untimely rainfall
• Deforestation
• Water wastage
• Concretisation that prevents water from entering the ground

Solutions include:

• Building lakes and bunds
• Drip irrigation
• Sprinkler irrigation
• Rainwater harvesting
• Planting trees
• Growing crops that require less water

1.4 Cyclone

During a cyclone:

• Winds blow very fast.
• Heavy rain may fall.
• Large waves may form at sea.

Safety measures:

• Follow weather warnings.
• Stay in a safe place.
• Avoid unnecessary travel.
• Follow government instructions.

1.5 Excessive Rain

Heavy rainfall can cause:

• Floods
• Overflowing rivers
• Damage to houses
• Crop loss
• Damage to roads

1.6 Emergency Preparation

Useful emergency items may include:

• Drinking water
• Dry food
• Torch
• Essential medicines

These should be prepared with adult guidance.

1.7 Kitchen Safety

• Stay away from fire.
• Do not play with matches.
• Switch off gas appliances properly.
• Keep flammable materials away.

1.8 Electrical Safety

• Do not touch damaged wires.
• Do not touch electrical equipment with wet hands.
• Inform an adult about faulty electrical equipment.

1.9 Chemical Safety

Stay away from:

• Medicines
• Pesticides
• Cleaning chemicals

unless handled under adult supervision.

1.10 Personal Safety

If an unknown person approaches or offers something:

• Refuse politely but firmly.
• Move away.
• Go to a safe place.
• Inform a trusted adult.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Choose the Correct Answer

1. What is the main characteristic of a disaster?
It happens suddenly and causes great damage.

2. What may cause fire accidents?
Carelessness, gas leakage or electrical problems.

3. Which substances should be kept away from small children?
Medicines, pesticides and harmful chemicals.

B. Answer the Following

1. What is a man-made disaster?
A disaster caused by human error, negligence or harmful activity.

2. Give two causes of electrical short circuits.
Damaged wiring and faulty electrical connections.

3. Why should we help elderly passengers?
They may find it difficult to stand or move safely.

C. Think and Answer

1. Your classmates use disposable plastic bags daily. What will you suggest?
Use reusable tiffin boxes and cloth bags.

2. Someone touches you in a way that makes you uncomfortable. What should you do?
Move away, say “No”, go to a safe place and inform a trusted adult.

3. A stranger offers you food outside school. What should you do?
Refuse, move away and tell a trusted adult.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Disaster Slogan

“Stay Alert – Stay Safe!”

Activity 2 – Safety Inspection

Activity 3 – Keep Earth Safe

• Save water.
• Plant trees.
• Reduce plastic.
• Keep public places clean.

🎨 Project

Disaster Awareness Poster

Include:

Natural Disasters: Flood, drought, cyclone, earthquake
Man-Made Disasters: Fire, accidents, pollution

Emergency Preparation:

• Water
• Dry food
• Torch
• Medicines

Main Message:
Be Aware – Be Prepared – Stay Safe

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is a natural disaster?
A disaster caused by natural events.

2. Give four natural disasters.
Flood, drought, cyclone and earthquake.

3. What is drought?
A serious shortage of water caused mainly by insufficient rainfall.

4. Give two ways to reduce drought problems.
Rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation.

5. What should we do during a cyclone warning?
Follow official instructions and remain in a safe place.

6. Why are safety signs important?
They give warnings and safety information quickly.

7. What should you do if you see a damaged wire?
Do not touch it; inform an adult.

8. What is the main message of the lesson?
Awareness and preparation improve safety.

📘 Summary

Garbage lying around produces foul smell, attracts flies and may spread germs and disease. Clean surroundings are therefore everyone's responsibility.

1.1 Wet Waste

Waste that rots and decomposes is called wet waste.

Examples:

• Vegetable stalks
• Fruit peels
• Dry leaves
• Eggshells

Green dustbin is used for wet waste.

1.2 Dry Waste

Waste that does not easily decompose is called dry waste.

Examples:

• Plastic
• Nails
• Metal
• Glass
• Old toothbrushes

Blue dustbin is used for dry waste.

1.3 Compost

Wet waste can be decomposed to make compost fertilizer. The textbook activity explains that suitable wet waste can be placed in a pit or container, mixed with soil, kept moist and covered until compost forms.

1.4 The 3Rs

Reduce: Create less waste.
Reuse: Use an item again.
Recycle: Convert waste into useful new material.

1.5 Clean School

We should:

• Use dustbins.
• Avoid littering.
• Separate wet and dry waste.
• Avoid writing on walls.
• Save water.
• Keep classrooms clean.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Answer the Following

1. What is dry waste?
Waste that does not rot or decompose easily.

2. What is compost fertilizer?
Fertilizer made by decomposition of wet organic waste.

3. How will you keep your house clean?
By using dustbins, separating waste, avoiding littering and keeping rooms clean.

B. Classify Waste

Wet Waste:

• Leaves
• Spoiled food
• Banana peels

Dry Waste:

• Nails
• Broken bangles
• Paper
• Pen refill
• Pen cap

C. Good or Bad Habit

Putting fruit peels in green bin: Good
Throwing plastic bottle on road: Bad
Using cloth bag: Good
Putting plastic toy in green bin: Bad

D. What Does 3R Mean?

Reduce: Make less waste.
Reuse: Use suitable items again.
Recycle: Make useful new products from waste.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Greeting Card from Waste

Use:

• Pencil shavings
• Old paper
• Glue
• Colours

Message:
Reuse Waste – Create Something Beautiful

Activity 2 – Best Out of Waste

Example: Pencil holder from an old cardboard box.

Activity 3 – Clean School Drive

Slogans:

• Clean School, Beautiful School
• Use the Dustbin
• Keep Your Surroundings Clean

🎨 Project

Waste to Wealth – Compost Project

Aim: Convert wet organic waste into compost.

Materials:

• Container
• Fruit and vegetable waste
• Dry leaves
• Soil
• Water

Procedure:

1. Add wet waste.
2. Add dry leaves and some soil.
3. Sprinkle water when required.
4. Cover the container.
5. Allow decomposition.
6. Observe regularly.

Conclusion:
Wet waste can become useful compost instead of being thrown away.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is wet waste?
Waste that rots and decomposes.

2. Which bin is used for wet waste?
Green.

3. Which bin is used for dry waste?
Blue.

4. Give two examples of wet waste.
Fruit peels and vegetable waste.

5. Give two dry-waste examples.
Plastic bottles and metal pieces.

6. Why should waste be separated?
It makes recycling and composting easier.

7. What can be made from wet waste?
Compost.

8. What is Reduce?
Creating less waste.

9. What is Reuse?
Using an item again.

10. What is Recycle?
Making useful new products from used material.

📘 Summary

The lesson teaches children to carefully observe birds, insects and other animals. It stresses that every animal has its own special characteristics and that living creatures should be observed without disturbing them.

1.1 Bird Observation

Record:

• Name
• Date
• Time
• Size
• Beak
• Colour
• Feet
• Behaviour
• Food
• Habitat

The textbook specifically advises students not to touch birds, eggs, nests or small insects, and to use only naturally fallen specimens for collections.

1.2 Importance of Insects

Insects:

• Help decompose dead plants.
• Help flowers form fruits.
• Serve as food for birds and animals.

1.3 Oviparous and Viviparous Animals

Oviparous: Hatch from eggs.
Examples: Birds, fish, frogs, reptiles, insects.

Viviparous: Give birth to young ones.
Examples: Humans, cats, dogs and cows.

1.4 Butterfly Life Cycle

Egg
↓
Caterpillar
↓
Pupa
↓
Butterfly

1.5 Useful Insects

Honeybee: Honey and wax
Silkworm: Silk
Lac insect: Lac

1.6 Food Chain

Example:

Plant
↓
Insect
↓
Frog
↓
Snake
↓
Eagle

1.7 Diurnal and Nocturnal Animals

Diurnal: Active mainly during daytime.

Nocturnal: Active mainly at night.

Examples of nocturnal animals:

• Owl
• Bat
• Fox
• Some snakes

1.8 Animals Living in Groups

Examples:

• Birds – flock
• Fish – school/group
• Deer – herd
• Bees – hive
• Ants – colony

1.9 Camouflage

Camouflage helps an animal blend with its surroundings.

It may help in:

• Hiding
• Hunting
• Protection

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Fill in the Blanks

1. Grasshoppers, honeybees and termites are classified in the exercise as ______ insects.
Answer: Herbivorous.

2. Dragonflies and ladybird beetles are ______ insects.
Answer: Carnivorous.

3. Rabbits come out in the ______ to search for food.
Answer: Evening.

B. Right or Wrong

Taking a bird's nest home: Wrong
Keeping water for birds in summer: Right
Throwing stones at a honeycomb: Wrong

C. Match the Pairs

D. Classification

Oviparous: Turtle, fish, lizard, parrot, ant, honeybee

Viviparous: Leopard, deer, elephant, giraffe

E. Uses of Insects

Silkworm: Silk
Honeybee: Honey and wax
Ladybird beetle: Eats small insects

F. Arrange the Food Chain

Sunflower / Plant
↓
Insect
↓
Frog
↓
Snake
↓
Eagle

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Bird Observation

Bird: Sparrow
Size: Small
Beak: Short
Colour: Brown-grey
Activity: Searching for food

Activity 2 – Vegetable Print Bird

Create bird pictures with suitable vegetable-print shapes.

Activity 3 – Feather Collection

Collect only naturally fallen feathers.

Never disturb birds or nests.

🎨 Project

Bird and Insect Observation Album

For each animal include:

1. Name
2. Date
3. Time
4. Location
5. Colour
6. Size
7. Food
8. Habitat
9. Behaviour
10. Drawing

Conclusion:
Careful observation helps us learn about animals without disturbing them.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. Why should birds be observed quietly?
To observe them without disturbing them.

2. Name four parts common to birds.
Beak, wings, feathers and legs.

3. What are oviparous animals?
Animals that hatch from eggs.

4. What are viviparous animals?
Animals that give birth to young ones.

5. Name the butterfly stages.
Egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult.

6. What do honeybees give us?
Honey and wax.

7. What is a food chain?
A sequence showing how living beings depend on one another for food.

8. What are nocturnal animals?
Animals active mainly at night.

9. What is camouflage?
Blending with surroundings.

10. What is lifespan?
The period between birth and death.

📘 Summary

A map is a proportional drawing of the entire Earth or a part of it. Maps use directions, signs, symbols, scale and other elements to show information.

1.1 Signs and Symbols

A sign is a small picture representing something.

A symbol is a special mark, shape or abbreviation.

Example:

PO = Post Office

1.2 Natural Features

Examples:

• River
• Lake
• Tree

1.3 Man-Made Features

Examples:

• School
• House
• Market
• Bus stop

The textbook asks students to identify these natural and man-made features on a sample map.

1.4 Elements of a Map

Important elements include:

• Title
• Direction
• Scale
• Index
• Signs
• Symbols

1.5 Directions

• North
• South
• East
• West

1.6 Scale

Scale shows the relationship between distance on a map and actual distance on the ground.

1.7 Index

An index explains the signs and symbols shown on the map.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Choose the Correct Answer

1. What is an important component of a map?
Direction.

2. What helps measure map distance?
Scale.

3. What symbol is given for a spring in the lesson?

• sign.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. What is a map?
A proportional drawing of the Earth or a part of it.

2. Why do we need scale?
To show large actual distances in reduced proportion.

3. Name major components of a map.
Title, direction, scale, index and symbols.

4. Which colour usually represents water?
Blue.

C. True or False

Scale is used in a map.
True.

A map is a full-sized replica of Earth.
False.

Symbols help us understand maps.
True.

D. Conventional Signs

PO: Post Office
Triangle: Peak
Railway symbol: Railway line
Blue: Water feature

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Natural and Man-Made Items

Activity 2 – School Premises Map

Show:

• Building
• Playground
• Flagpole
• Trees
• Gate

Add:

• Title
• North direction
• Scale
• Index

Activity 3 – Maharashtra Map

Sea to west: Arabian Sea
Capital: Mumbai
Second capital: Nagpur

🎨 Project

Map of My Neighbourhood

Include:

• Home
• Roads
• School
• Market
• Bus stop
• Police station
• Trees

Add:

• North arrow
• Scale
• Index
• Title

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is a map?
A proportional drawing of Earth or part of it.

2. What is a sign?
A picture representing something.

3. What is a symbol?
A mark or abbreviation used on maps.

4. What is an index?
A key explaining map symbols.

5. Name four directions.
North, South, East and West.

6. What is scale?
The relation between map distance and ground distance.

7. Why are signs used?
To show information clearly in limited space.

8. Give two natural features.
River and lake.

9. Give two man-made features.
School and road.

10. What colour represents water?
Blue.

📘 Summary

Maharashtra lies in western India. Its western boundary is the Arabian Sea. The textbook describes it as roughly triangular and states that it ranks third in India in terms of area.

1.1 Formation and Capitals

Maharashtra was formed on 1 May 1960, celebrated as Maharashtra Day.

Capital: Mumbai
Second Capital: Nagpur
State Language: Marathi

1.2 Neighbouring States

North: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
East: Chhattisgarh
South: Telangana, Karnataka, Goa
West: Arabian Sea

1.3 Natural Divisions

1. Konkan Coast
2. Sahyadri / Western Ghats
3. Maharashtra Plateau
4. Vidarbha Plains

1.4 Mountains

• Sahyadri
• Satpura
• Ajintha
• Satmala
• Balaghat
• Mahadev

Highest peak: Kalsubai

1.5 Rivers

The textbook identifies Godavari as the longest river in Maharashtra.

1.6 Forests

Types include:

• Evergreen
• Semi-evergreen
• Deciduous
• Thorny
• Mangrove

1.7 State Bird and Animal

State Bird: Hariyal / Green Pigeon
State Animal: Shekru / Indian Giant Squirrel

1.8 Agriculture

Important crops include:

• Rice
• Jowar
• Bajra
• Wheat
• Sugarcane
• Cotton
• Pulses

1.9 Fruits

• Mango
• Banana
• Orange
• Grapes
• Pomegranate

1.10 Energy

Solar energy: From Sun
Bioenergy: From suitable organic materials

1.11 Culture

Maharashtra has diversity in:

• Festivals
• Food
• Clothing
• Music
• Customs

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Choose the Correct Answer

1. Maharashtra ranks ______ by area in India.
Third.

2. Maharashtra Day is celebrated on:
1 May.

3. Which is the longest river in Maharashtra according to the chapter?
Godavari.

4. Sugarcane and cotton are ______ crops.
Commercial crops.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. Maharashtra Plateau is part of which plateau?
Deccan Plateau.

2. Which mountain range is found in western Maharashtra?
Sahyadri / Western Ghats.

3. Name one important food grain.
Jowar.

C. Short Answers

1. Name the six administrative divisions.

• Konkan
• Pune
• Nashik
• Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar
• Amravati
• Nagpur

2. Name neighbouring states.

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Karnataka and Goa.

3. Why are dams important?

They store water and support irrigation and water supply.

D. Difference

Solar Energy vs Bioenergy

Evergreen vs Thorny Forest

E. District and Crop/Fruit – Model

🧩 Activities

Maharashtra Map

Mark:

• Sahyadri
• Satpura
• Arabian Sea
• Mumbai
• Nagpur
• Godavari

Crops and Seasons

Kharif: Rice, jowar, bajra
Rabi: Wheat, gram

Local Farm Visit Questions

1. Which crops are grown?
2. What irrigation is used?
3. Which crops are grown in monsoon?
4. Which crops are grown in winter?

🎨 Project

My Maharashtra Information Chart

Include:

• Capital – Mumbai
• Second Capital – Nagpur
• Language – Marathi
• Maharashtra Day – 1 May
• Highest Peak – Kalsubai
• Longest River – Godavari
• State Bird – Hariyal
• State Animal – Shekru
• Major Crops – Jowar, rice, sugarcane, cotton

Conclusion:
Maharashtra has rich geographical, cultural and agricultural diversity.

❓ Extra Q&A

1. Where is Maharashtra?
In western India.

2. Which sea lies to its west?
Arabian Sea.

3. When was Maharashtra formed?
1 May 1960.

4. What is its capital?
Mumbai.

5. What is the second capital?
Nagpur.

6. What is the state language?
Marathi.

7. What is another name for Sahyadri?
Western Ghats.

8. What is the highest peak?
Kalsubai.

9. What is Maharashtra's state bird?
Hariyal.

10. What is Maharashtra's state animal?
Shekru.

📘 Summary

Urban areas generally have greater access to roads, electricity, water supply, transport, communication and medical services, while rural areas may have more limited facilities.

Urban areas also tend to have greater access to higher education, markets and varied employment, while rural employment often depends more heavily on agriculture and small industries.

1.1 Transportation

Transportation means moving passengers and goods from one place to another.

Geography influences transport:

• Mountains – roads
• Plains – roads and railways
• Coasts – water transport
• Big cities – air transport
• Deserts/snow regions – animals may be used

1.2 Changes in Transport

Traditional:

• Bullock cart
• Animal transport
• Boats

Modern:

• Cars
• Buses
• Trains
• Metro
• Ships
• Aircraft

1.3 Communication

Communication helps us send and receive information.

Traditional methods:

• Letter
• Post
• Newspaper
• Radio

Modern methods:

• Mobile
• Internet
• E-mail
• Computer
• Satellite

1.4 Traffic Safety

• Follow signals.
• Wear helmets.
• Cross roads carefully.
• Do not use mobile phones while driving.
• Respect other road users.

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Choose the Correct Answer

1. Higher education is more easily available in:
Urban areas.

2. Which is a fast communication tool?
Mobile phone.

3. Where can children learn traffic rules practically?
Traffic garden.

B. Answer in One Sentence

1. What is transportation?
Movement of passengers and goods from one place to another.

2. What is communication?
The process of sending and receiving information.

3. Which transport may be used in deserts and snowy regions?
Animals.

C. Odd Word Out

Truck, bus, ship, car: Ship
Reason: Ship is water transport.

D. Urban and Rural Facilities

E. Reducing Traffic Congestion

• Use public transport.
• Follow rules.
• Share vehicles when possible.
• Avoid unnecessary vehicle use.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Urban and Rural Facilities

Students can prepare a two-column chart.

Activity 2 – Railway Engine Development

Earlier: Steam engines
Later: Diesel
Today: Electric locomotives on many routes

Activity 3 – Safe Travel

Do not carry dangerous or flammable materials while travelling.

🎨 Project

Model of a Communication Device

Example: Cardboard mobile phone.

Show:

• Call
• Message
• Camera
• Internet

Write:

Uses: Communication, education, emergency contact

Responsible Use: Limited screen time and safe Internet use

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is transportation?
Movement of people and goods.

2. Which transport is common in plains?
Road and rail.

3. Which transport is important in coastal areas?
Water transport.

4. Name two traditional communication methods.
Letter and newspaper.

5. Name two modern communication methods.
Mobile phone and Internet.

6. What is a traffic garden?
A place designed to teach traffic rules.

7. Why should we follow traffic rules?
To reduce accidents.

8. Why should drivers avoid using mobiles?
Because mobiles distract attention.

📘 Summary

Energy is the capacity to do work. We need energy for playing, running, writing, speaking and other activities. Our body gets energy from food. Machines also need energy to work.

1.1 Forms of Energy

• Light
• Heat
• Electrical
• Sound
• Solar
• Wind

1.2 Solar Energy

Solar energy is obtained from the Sun.

Uses include:

• Solar cooker
• Solar water heater
• Solar lamp

1.3 Wind Energy

Windmills use wind to generate electricity.

1.4 Magnetism

A magnet attracts iron objects.

This property is called magnetism.

Magnetic substances: Attracted by magnets.
Non-magnetic substances: Not attracted by magnets.

1.5 Uses of Magnets

Examples:

• Loudspeakers
• Motors
• Door latches
• Toys
• Compasses
• Refrigerator doors

1.6 Energy Conservation

We should:

• Switch off unused lights.
• Switch off unused fans.
• Use energy-efficient appliances.
• Use renewable energy when possible.

1.7 Propagation of Light

Light travels in a straight line.

1.8 Transparent Objects

Objects through which light passes.

1.9 Opaque Objects

Objects through which light does not pass.

1.10 Shadow

A shadow forms when an opaque object blocks light.

Required:

Light Source
↓
Opaque Object
↓
Screen

1.11 Changing Shadows

Morning: Long
Noon: Short
Evening: Long

✍️ Textbook Exercise

A. Fill in the Blanks

1. We need ______ to work and play.
Energy.

2. Electricity produced using wind is called ______ energy.
Wind energy.

3. Light travels in a ______ line.
Straight.

4. Blocking light with an opaque object forms a ______.
Shadow.

B. Match

C. True or False

Iron is magnetic: True
Solar cooker uses solar heat: True
Unused fans should be switched off: True

D. Answer in One Sentence

1. Where does our body get energy?
From food.

2. How is a shadow formed?
When an opaque object blocks light.

E. Home Appliances Using Energy

Examples:

• Fan
• TV
• Refrigerator
• Mixer
• Washing machine
• Iron
• Lights
• Computer

F. Saving Energy

• Switch off appliances.
• Use daylight.
• Use solar energy.
• Avoid unnecessary electricity use.

🧩 Activities

Activity 1 – Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Objects

Magnetic: Nail, safety pin, iron pin
Non-Magnetic: Paper, eraser, sawdust

Activity 2 – Shadow Observation

Activity 3 – Shadow Story

Create shapes using a torch and hands.

🎨 Project

Magnetic Fishing Toy

Materials:

• Cardboard fish
• Paper clips
• Magnet
• String
• Stick

Method:

1. Attach clips to fish.
2. Tie magnet to string.
3. Bring magnet near fish.
4. Magnet attracts the clips.

Scientific Principle:
Magnetic attraction.

Slogan:
“Save Energy Today for a Better Tomorrow.”

❓ Extra Q&A

1. What is energy?
The capacity to do work.

2. Where does our body get energy?
Food.

3. What is an energy source?
A source from which we obtain energy.

4. Give two energy sources.
Sun and wind.

5. What is solar energy?
Energy obtained from the Sun.

6. Give two solar appliances.
Solar cooker and solar water heater.

7. What is wind energy?
Energy obtained using moving air.

8. What is magnetism?
The property by which magnets attract some materials.

9. Give one magnetic material.
Iron.

10. How does light travel?
In a straight line.

11. What is transparent material?
Material through which light passes.

12. What is opaque material?
Material through which light cannot pass.

13. What is a shadow?
A dark region formed when an opaque object blocks light.